Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of ex vivo-expanded regulatory T cells on trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration in mice

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02512-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Isolation and ex vivo expansion of Tregs. CD11c + dendritic cells and CD4 + T cells were isolated from bone marrow leukocytes and splenocytes, respectively. CD4 + CD25 + Tregs were isolated after 4 days of CD11c + DC and CD4 + T cell co-culture and expanded for 2 weeks. For the in vivo study, TMT was injected into all groups except the non-treated control group. The TMT group consisted of only TMT-intoxicated mice. Aricept group was treated with Aricept as a positive control. For the Treg group, 4 × 10 4 , 2 × 10 5 , or 1 × 10 6 expanded Tregs were injected per mouse. After the behavioral test, mice were killed ( A ). The purity ( B ) and phenotype ( C ) of the isolated cells were analyzed by flow cytometry

Article Snippet: Four days after CD4 T cell–DC co-culture, CD4 + CD25 + T cells (Tregs) were isolated using MACS, according to the manufacturer’s protocol (CD4 + CD25 + Regulatory T Cell Isolation Kit; Miltenyi).

Techniques: Isolation, Ex Vivo, Co-Culture Assay, In Vivo, Injection, Control, Positive Control, Flow Cytometry

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: A Flexible Model of HIV-1 Latency Permitting Evaluation of Many Primary CD4 T-Cell Reservoirs

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030176

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Production of a primary cell model of HIV-1 latency. Total CD4 T cells were isolated from PBMC with a single-step negative-selection procedure with magnetic beads to remove unwanted cell subpopulations. Within 24 h, isolated cells were spinoculated at 1200× g for 2 h at room temperature with viral supernatants corresponding to NL4-3 GFP IRES Nef, NL4-3 Luciferase, or NL4-3 mCherry:Luciferase viruses as schematically depicted in (B). After spinoculation, cells were placed in medium containing 5 µM saquinavir and cultured for 3 days. Cells are then counted and plated in 96-well plates in medium containing 30 µM raltegravir and various stimulators. (C) Reactivation profiles of cells latently infected with NL4-3 GFP IRES Nef, NL4-3 Luciferase, or NL4-3 mCherry:Luciferase. Latently infected cells were cultured with medium alone or medium containing 200 nM PMA and 1.5 µM ionomycin and harvested after 24 or 48 hours of culture. GFP- or mCherry-expressing cells were quantified by flow cytometry, and the percentage of GFP + or mCherry cells was calculated based on uninfected controls. Luciferase levels are reported as relative light units (RLU) and have been normalized to total protein content in cell lysates to control for different cell proliferation rates. All samples were analyzed in triplicate with error bars representing +/− SD. Results are representative of those obtained in analyses of at least 10 independent donors with each virus. (D) Flow cytometric gating and analysis of cells latently infected with NL4-3 GFP IRES Nef or NL4-3 mCherry:Luciferase 24 or 48 hours after stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. Forward scatter versus side scatter plots show cells infected with virus and left unstimulated or stimulated for 24 h.

Article Snippet: Total CD4 T cells were isolated by negative selection, according to manufacturer's protocol, with the EasySep CD4+ T-cell Enrichment Kit (Stem Cell Technologies).

Techniques: Isolation, Selection, Magnetic Beads, Luciferase, Cell Culture, Infection, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Control, Virus

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: A Flexible Model of HIV-1 Latency Permitting Evaluation of Many Primary CD4 T-Cell Reservoirs

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030176

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cells were cultured in the presence (pre-treatment) or absence (no pre-treatment) of 30 µM raltegravir that was added immediately after spinoculation. After 3 days, cells were washed and stimulated with PMA+ionomycin in the presence or absence of 30 µM raltegravir (pre-activation). Results are representative of data obtained using three independent donors with each reporter virus. Error bars represent +/−SD of triplicate experiments. (B) CD4 T cells were isolated and pre-treated with 30 µM raltegravir, 250 nM AMD3100, 100 nM Efavirenz, or medium alone for 30 min before spinoculation. Cells were spinoculated and then cultured in the presence or absence of each antiretroviral drug. Three days after spinoculation, total DNA was isolated from the cells, and levels of HIV integration were determined by Alu-gag qPCR (left panel) or levels of total HIV DNA were determined by gag qPCR (right panel). Viral integration levels were compared in cultures incubated in medium alone versus in the presence of raltegravir (RTGR), AMD3100 (AMD), or Efavirenz (EFV) antiviral drugs to confirm the specificity of the assay. Data shown represent an average of six replicate PCR samples +/− SD. Data are presented as the number of copies of HIV DNA per 100 cells. (C) Three days after spinoculation, cells were either lysed for DNA isolation or stimulated with PMA+ionomycin for 24–72 hours. Peak GFP expression data are shown as the mean of three replicate samples. HIV integration was analyzed by Alu-gag qPCR to specifically detect integrated proviral DNA, and levels were normalized to levels obtained for the single copy RNaseP gene. Data shown are average of six replicate PCR samples +/− SD. Data are presented as copies of integrated HIV DNA/100 cells and the number of GFP+ cells/100 cells.

Article Snippet: Total CD4 T cells were isolated by negative selection, according to manufacturer's protocol, with the EasySep CD4+ T-cell Enrichment Kit (Stem Cell Technologies).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Activation Assay, Virus, Isolation, Incubation, DNA Extraction, Expressing

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: A Flexible Model of HIV-1 Latency Permitting Evaluation of Many Primary CD4 T-Cell Reservoirs

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030176

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) CD4+CD45RO+ cells were purified by single step negative selection and HIV latency was established in these cells as described above. Cells were plated in 96-well plates and stimulated with 200 nM PMA with 1.5 µM ionomycin, anti-CD3+anti-CD28 beads (ratio 1∶1), 62.5 ng/ml IL-7, 10 µM prostratin, or left unstimulated for 24 h. Cells were stained with CD45RA-APC-H7, CCR7-PE-Cy7, CD27-APC, and CD45RO-FITC (NL4-3 mCherry:Luc) or CD45RO-PE (NL4-3 GFP), and analyzed for receptor expression and viral reporter expression. To obtain fold stimulation ratios, data were normalized as the percentage of cells expressing the viral reporter with the indicated stimulation divided by the % cells expressing the viral reporter in the absence of stimulation. Data shown represent an average of results obtained from four independent donors for each viral construct. Error bars represent +/− SEM. (B) CD4+CD45RO+ cells (upper panel) were sorted for CCR7+CD27+ central memory cells (T CM ) and CCR7-CD27+ transitional memory cells (T TM ). Cells were cultured for 2 days and then infected by spinoculation of NL4-3 mCherry:Luc. At the time of infection, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for receptor expression to determine the relative levels of CCR7 expression in each sorted population (lower panel). (C) Latently infected cells were either left unstimulated or stimulated for 30 h with the indicated inducers. Two independent donors are shown, and fold change was determined as described above for luciferase levels.

Article Snippet: Total CD4 T cells were isolated by negative selection, according to manufacturer's protocol, with the EasySep CD4+ T-cell Enrichment Kit (Stem Cell Technologies).

Techniques: Purification, Selection, Staining, Expressing, Construct, Cell Culture, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Luciferase